Tests of Dynamic and Temporal Acuity

In Phase 1, we propose to develop a battery of computerized tests to measure temporal acuity abilities in young adults and to determine empirically whether these abilities are independent of static visual acuity and also independent of test scores of higher mental and cognitive functions. Current research in neuroscience assumes two parallel visual pathways from retina to visual cortex for processing distinctly different types of visual scene information. One transmits fine detail from stationary, fixated areas but has poor resolution for dynamic features. The second extracts more global information about spatial location, movement, and variation in luminance over time (flicker). This latter system is characterized by higher temporal resolution, shorter response latency, faster conduction time, but lower spatial resolution than the sustained pathway. In previous work, and elsewhere in a growing literature, it has been shown that individuals differ on these sensitivities. Our empirical approach, derived both from neuroscience and differential test theory, will entail repeated measures of these sensitivities to determine: (1) test reliability and stability, (2) the unique factors evaluated by such tests, and (3) the relationship of "new" factors to "old" capabilities presently measurable and predictive of performance (e.g., scores on a computerized battery, scores on intelligence tests, tests of reading ability, scores on video games and flight simulations). In Phase II: (a) uniqueness would be compared to existing Navy vision selection tests (AQT/FAR) and developing Navy computerized basic abilities tests; (b) predictive validities for one or more complex military performances will be investigated; and (c) the availability of electronically controlled lasers, liquid crystal emitters and portable microcomputers, particularly battery-operated versions with rapid onset visual elements (more than 20 msec), may permit improved assessment of these constructs.