Investigation of the Debye Effect for Submarine Detection

This research will employ existing theories of the Debye Effect to estimate amplitudes of electromagnetic signals produced by a submarine operating in a realistic ocean environment. Estimates will incorporate known properties—mass, valence, volume, and friction coefficient—of each ionic species in seawater. Estimates will be made for a range of realistic acoustic sources associated with submarine operations, covering a range of frequencies and waveforms. The capabilities of electromagnetic signals to propagate in seawater independently of acoustic signals will be assessed. This research also will use existing theories of the Colloid Effect to estimate amplitudes of electromagnetic signals produced by a submarine operating in a realistic ocean environment. Estimates will incorporate known and estimated properties of organic detritus and other sources of colloids found in the ocean. Finally, this research will revise and adapt existing theories of electrokinetic interface conversion to apply to the case of charged surfactant layers at the air-water interface. Special attention will be given to the analysis of signals radiated directly into the atmosphere from the surface layer.